Genodive genetic kinship
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We calculated values for simulated offspring generated under three sets of conditions i.e., by removing (i) inbred individuals, (ii) randomly chosen individuals, and (iii) all individuals on the specific fallen logs. We ran a simulation to examine the hypothesis that the FSGS could be eliminated by demographic thinning during life history processes. In contrast to the results for the early stages, mature-stage trees showed no significant FSGS.
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These results indicated that genetically related seedlings and saplings regenerated on the same or nearby fallen logs. Furthermore, the estimation of dispersal kernels indicated the frequent occurrence of short-distance seed dispersal. We also found a significant FSGS in early life-stages based on a decline in the kinship coefficient calculated between individuals over shorter to longer spatial distances. A STRUCTURE analysis of seedlings and saplings established on fallen logs revealed that genetically related individuals were spatially localized between adjacent logs. The FSGS of the established seedlings and later growth stages was investigated using 11 nuclear simple sequence repeat loci.
To understand the fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) of this species, a 5-ha plot was established in central Hokkaido, and 531 individual trees were categorized into four life-stages (seedling, sapling, juvenile, and mature) on the basis of age and size. In northern Japan, the sub-boreal conifer species Picea jezoensis is completely dependent on coarse woody debris for seedling establishment. 3Education and Research Center, The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanĬonifers in northern forests, such as fir and spruce, preferably regenerate on coarse woody debris, including fallen logs, stumps, and snags.
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2Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.1Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Sapporo, Japan.The benefits and the interest of the program are discussed using many examples, including analyses that have previously been published, some practical problems, and simple and useful rules for dealing with scenarios in which ancestral or fraternal types substitute for those of the alleged father.Keiko Kitamura 1, Atsushi Nakanishi 1, Chunlan Lian 2 and Susumu Goto 3* The general method is described by which the computer program finds the formulas appropriate to these various situations. The strength of the genetic evidence is always described by a likelihood ratio. Examples that geneticists and DNA identification laboratories run into include sibship, incest, twin, inheritance, motherless, and corpse identification cases. More generally, any miscellaneous collection of people can be genetically tested to help settle some argument about how they are related, what one might call a “kinship” case. The ordinary paternity case with the familiar likelihood formula 1/2q is the commonest example. This paper discusses a computerized algorithm to derive the formula for the likelihood ratio for a kinship problem with any arbitrarily defined relationships based on genetic evidence.